Example Sports Essay - Free Essay Example

Injured Athletes Use of Self-Talk. A sports injury can be serious and cause profound physical and emotional distress. The physical aspects of the injury can even contribute to loss of a sports career. The emotional stress of a sports injury can result in affects such as anxiety and depression which result in obstacles to healing and future performance (Myers, Peyton Jensen, 2004). After injury most athletes will suffer from a change in their mood for a short length of time. This change in mood will manifest as anger, depression, tension, and low energy levels. Normally the athlete returns to their pre-injury mental status once they are on their way to recovery (McDonald Hardy, 1990) Sports injuries can have a devastating impact on athletes and the search for effective psychological rehabilitation methods have been ongoing. One study using the open-ended Sports Injury Survey found that athletes that healed the fastest engaged in more positive self-talk, goal setting and healing imagery than slower healing athletes. It was found that the mental strategy of goal setting was the most productive technique and scientists believe the reason for this is that it is easy to learn and is within the athletes control. The results of the study would suggest that there are numerous psychological factors that play an important role in injury recovery. A number of other studies have demonstrated that speed of recovery was effected by goal setting, attitude, imagery, social support, and coping skills (Ievleva Orlick,1991). One study demonstrated that imagery can be helpful in injury rehabilitation. Imagery is used often in training and competition, but athletes dont use it as often for recovery from healing and need to be reminded of its efficacy (Sordoni, Hall Forwell, 2000) It has been found that an athletes inability to return to pre-injury performance levels was due to psychological factors and stressors rather than physical ones (Evans, Harding Fleming, 2000). One of the factors with an impact on performance levels post-injury is the athletes perceived inability to demonstrate the same skills they enjoyed pre-injury. One example of this isa rugby player who returned to the game after suffering a shoulder injury. He favoured the injured shoulder and used the other shoulder more frequently. The result of this behaviour was that he put extra pressure on the one shoulder setting himself up for future injuries (Evans et al., 2000). When an athlete returns to the game before they are truly ready the risk for more injures or re-injury is increased. Even if an athlete has been told by his sports physician that they can return to competition they may not be ready psychologically (Evans et al., 2000). Cupal (1998) claims evidence exists that indicates when an athlete returns to the sport before they are psychologically ready they increase the risk of more injuries There are different approaches to explaining how an athlete responds to injury. One of these approa ches is designated the cognitive appraisal approach. This approach focuses on the athletes perception of the injury and it offers an explanation for individual differences in responses to injury and their perception of the injury (Brewer, 1994). Brewer (1994) believes that one of the positive aspects regarding the cognitive appraisal approach is that it offers explanations for the diverse responses to injuries unlike other methods that dont provide such insight. There are a number of influencing factors with cognitive appraisal. The individual personality characteristics of the athlete that remain constant over time are a factor. Another factor is the athletes changeable situation which they have no control of. One example of this is time of season of the injury (Gayman Crossman, 2003). A study of the psychology of season ending injuries amongst skiers from the USA Ski Team was conducted (Gould, Udry, Bridges Beck, 1997a; Gould, Udry, Bridges Beck, 1997b). This study incl uded lengthy interviews and revealed different factors of the injury experience. Researchers discovered that some athletes received what they perceived were benefits from the injury. If they had a problem with the stress of the competition they may see this injury as a blessing in disguise and a way out. Performance anxiety can be another reason why an athlete sees the injury as beneficial. Also, rehabilitation can be physically painful and emotionally trying (Gould et al., 1997a). Other factors researchers uncovered were the sources of stress, social support systems, and coping strategies. In some instances a severe injury can interfere with social activities especially if they are sports-oriented (Bianco, Malo, Orlick,1999). Bianco et al. (1999) interviewed skiers from the Canadian Alpine Ski Team. What they learned was that there was an early phase when the athlete is injured or ill and then they move into a phase of rehabilitation where they begin to recover, and the last phase is when they are fully recovered and back to pre-injury activity. Every one of these phases included a set of events that influenced the emotional and cognitive responses (Granito, 2001, pg. 63). Researchers looked to cognitive appraisal to explain why some athletes suffer from greater psychological distress following an injury than others (Brewer, 1994). What they found was that the manner in which an athlete perceives the injury experience plays an important role in how well they recover and are able to return to pre-injury performance levels (Brewer, 2001, as cited in Gayman Crossman, 2003). The time of the year when an athlete is injured may determine how well and fast they recover and return to competition. For example, one athlete may be distraught and stressed over being injured post-season because after all his hard work and team effort he will not be able to participate in the play-offs. Another athlete may regard the injury as beneficial because they can g et out of a horrendous season where the team didnt do very well. The athlete who perceives the injury in a more positive light will have an easier time of recovery than the athlete who experiences more negative emotions surrounding the injury (Gayman Crossman, 2003) Pre-season is important because after a break from sports the athletes are ready to get back in the game again and are looking forward to try-outs. An injury sustained pre-season can be regarded in different ways. The more severe the injury is the greater the athletes frustration and disappointment (Gayman Crossman, 2003). An injury that isnt serious enough to keep the athlete out for the entire season may not be as devastating for some because they become motivated to heal and spend the rest of the season in the game. Different factors enter the picture for mid-season injuries. An athlete who is out due to injuries during mid-season can be more stressed because by this time the team members are bonding. The a thlete will also have lost some of their physical abilities that are important to the game. The team has been traveling and playing many games together by mid-season and the injured athlete will feel that they are missing out on the camaraderie and fun (Gayman Crossman, 2003). When an athlete is injured end of season the success of the entire team may be hindered and this is a source of great stress and disappointment for the athlete. If its the athletes last year of college, for example, the injury could end his career in sports. If the injury is severe enough regardless the season; it is devastating for the athlete and requires different and more intense coping techniques (Gayman Crossman, 2003). Finally, the playoffs are important because the team has bonded and worked hard together for an entire season to get that far. Injuries sustained during this time could hamper efforts for the championship title not to mention the personal satisfaction of success (Gayman Crossman 2003) How an athlete reacts to their injury may be based on how they personally view the situation. For instance, injury in pre-season may be regarded more negatively by one athlete than another. It all depends on how they perceive the situation (Gayman Crossman, 2003). There are different factors in the injury recovery process. One of those factors is gender differences. One study found there were differences in the perceptions of male and female injured athletes. It was found that male athletes had reported a more positive relationship with their coaches than the females. Males also were more apt to have a special person in their lives that they received emotional support from. It was discovered that female athletes were more apt to worry about how their injuries would affect their future health than the males (Granito, 2002). Regardless of male or female, it would appear that a good social support network and positive relationships with coaches are important when an at hlete sustains an injury. There are, however, more factors involved in the success of an athletes rehabilitation and recovery than that of emotional support from others. Other interventions and coping mechanisms involve goal setting, imagery, and self-talk (Ievleva Orlick, 1991) There are numerous psychological intervention strategies for rehabilitation from sports related injuries. Oftentimes the athletes erroneous thoughts about intervention strategies keep them away from getting the help they need to recover more quickly and fully. The interventions could help them return to competition not only physically ready but psychologically ready as well. Due to a lack of knowledge and understanding leading to faulty beliefs about intervention strategies the athlete doesnt always get the help they need. The efficacy of any post-injury therapy or treatment depends on the ability of the athlete to accept and receive different techniques and strategies (Myers et al., 2004). One of the strategies in treatment for sports injuries that isnt fully understood is that of positive self-talk. Self-talk in injury recovery is even less understood than other techniques and strategies even though athletes do use it for performance improvements. Athletes have used both self-talk that is instructional in nature and self-talk that consists of positive affirmations (Van Raalte, Cornelius, Brewer, Hatton, 2000). Self-talk has been recognized as an effective tool for improvements in performance but unfortunately, has not been given as much thought as a strategy for recovery from injury. One reason that has been given to explain why there is a lack of knowledge regarding self-talk and its importance to recovery from injury has to do with understanding the fundamentals behind performance improvement in sports (Hardy, 2005) There is a relationship between performance improvements and self-talk. It has been suggested that its the aspect of self-talk that involves funct ionality that sheds light on its relationship with performance. This includes the cognitive and motivational aspects of self-talk (Hardy, Gammage, Hall, 2001a). Theodorakis, Weinberg, Natsis, Douma Kazakas (2000) investigated the efficacy of self-talk with athletes using positive self-talk in proportion to the specific demands of their physical activity. Instructional self-talk was used for the technical demands and motivational self-talk was used for less technical demands such as the athletes strength and stamina. The researchers expected that instructional self-talk would be more effective when the demands of the activity involved skills and accuracy and the motivational self-talk would be more effective when the demands involved strength and stamina. The results demonstrated that instructional self-talk for technical demands met the researchers expectations, however when the demands were for motivational self-talk the results werent as expected (Hardy,2005). The researc hers discovered that both types of self-talk generated an increase in performance in the activity of leg extensions but not in the activity of sit-ups which requires stamina. Theodorakis et al. (2000) believe one reason for this outcome is that there wasnt an equal distribution of males and females for the study thus affecting the results. Theodorakis et al. rightly calls for more research in order to determine why positive self-talk (or negative) impacts athletic performance (Hardy, 2005). One factor that may impact the effectiveness of self-talk on an athletes performance is how they interpret their self-talk as far as it relates to motivation. The athlete may regard their self-talk in either a negative or positive light (Hardy, Hall, Alexander, 2001b). If an athlete regards their self-talk asde-motivating it certainly not help them recover faster and can even keep them from getting back to pre-injury performance levels. Theodorakis et al.(2000) explains that the lack of differences across groups in his study is that there are motivational aspects to the instructional self-talk and some of the self-talk used by the athletes may have been either motivating or de-motivating. Self-talk is supposed to be positive for the athlete. The attitude of the injured athlete is important to their recovery. If the athlete is optimistic their chances of recovery are greater and they have better coping mechanisms. Suggestions to encourage the athlete are for them to use only positive words, language and tone, during the rehabilitation-in and out of the clinic (Mind, Body, pg.1). Examples of positive self-talk are: I will get through this I will recover fully I will get back to playing my sport, better than I was before I will get 115 degrees of flexion today (Mind, Body, 2005, pg. 1). These self-talk strategies will create a more positive and healthy mind set in the injured athlete (Mind, Body,2005). In a study with tennis players it was found that instructio nal self-talk had a positive outcome on performance but not on self-efficacy (Landin Hebert, 1999). It is suggested then that practitioners determine if the athlete finds self-talk is to be de-motivating or motivating. An athlete can learn to perceive themselves in a healthier and more self-affirming manner by engaging in positive self-talk (Hardy, 2005). The speed with which an athlete recovers from injury can be increased by using certain mental strategies. It is up to the athlete and their physician to determine, in light of the patients situation and personal preferences, what would be the best strategy to ensure a rapid and full recovery from injury. The athlete and their sports doctor can be creative in coming up with what techniques seem to fit. Special attention should be given to the psychological state of the athlete and the seriousness of the injury. A comprehensive approach to injury management has been proven to be successful through research suggesting that by using more goal setting, positive self-talk, and imagery, athletes recover more quickly from injuries (Mind, Body, 2005, pg. 1) Self-talk is useful for injury recovery and quite often for the management of physical pain and distressing emotional states. Self-talk is described as, .the endless stream of thoughts that run through your head every day (Chronic Pain, 2005, pg. 1). This self-talk or automatic thinking can be positive or negative and based on logic and reason (Chronic Pain, 2005, pg. 1). There are times when self-talk can be negative and based on faulty perceptions due to inadequate information. In order for self-talk to be effective for recovery from injury the faulty thinking must be recognized and changed. In order to recognize the faulty thinking its important to recognize the different categories of non-productive thinking. One method of thinking that is not positive self-talk is generalizing. An example of this is when the individual regards one event as a trigger for a never ending series of negative events. As the pain continues the individual thinks they will not be able to carry on as before and they begin to devalue themselves. Another example of negative thinking is when the individual thinks in terms of catastrophes. With this type of thinking the individual imagines the worst case scenario. For example, they imagine that the pain from the injury will become a problem and they will become embarrassed if out in public or with friends (Chronic Pain, 2005). Another example of catastrophic thinking is when the athlete thinks things will never change and they will never get any better (Lake, 2005). Polarizing is another thinking style that leads to negative self-talk. This is when the individual sees everything as black and white, good or bad, positive or negative. They cannot concede that there is oftentimes a place in the middle. One of the more serious consequences of this thinking is that the individual feels they have t o be perfect or else they are a failure; there is no acceptance of the fact that they are human like everyone else and can make mistakes while not seeing themselves as losers. Filtering is when the individual looks at the negative thoughts in a situation through a magnifying glass and minimizes the positive thoughts. One example given of this is when the individual did a great job at work that day but when they get home they realize they forgot to do one thing. The entire evening is ruined because the individual sits there and ruminates on that one task they failed to do. All the accolades they received that day from boss and co-workers is forgotten and only the negative is focused upon. Another negative thinking pattern that leads to unhealthy self-talk is that of personalizing. When something unpleasant, unfortunate, or bad happens the individual thinks that they are blame, even if its something out of their control and has nothing to do with them. Emotionalizing is thinking where the heart rules the head. Objectivity is pushed aside for irrational thinking. One example of this is if an individual feels they are dull or stupid and therefore they believe that is what they are (Chronic Pain, 2005). This type of thinking is dangerous for the athlete especially one who is recovering from an injury. The athlete must recognize the negative thinking and begin the exercise of positive self-talk. An interesting rule of thumb regarding the process of positive self-talk is as follows: Dont say anything to yourself that you wouldnt say to someone else Be gentle and encouraging. If a negative thought enters your mind, evaluate it rationally and respond with affirmations of what is good about yourself. Eventually your self-talk will automatically contain less self-criticism and more self-acceptance. Your spontaneous thoughts will become more positive and rational. (Chronic Pain, 2005, pg. 1) What people say to themselves all too often sets the stage for how they look at life and what they do about it. One example of this is when the individual comes home after a day of working and says, I dont want to exercise today. Its cloudy outside, theres no one to walk with, and besides, Ive already exercised twice this week (Managing Your Pain, 2005, pg.1). A more positive way to respond to this situation is to say, I dont feel like exercising today, but I know Ill feel better afterward and have an easier time falling asleep (Managing Your Pain, 2005, pg.1). These examples are very important in retraining the mind to engage in positive self-talk. The self-talk one engages in can literally change the way an individual experiences physical pain. Negative messages can lead to increased pain, while positive messages can help distract you from pain (Managing Your Pain, 2005, pg. 1) There are several steps to take in order to change negative self-talk that leads to increased pain into positive self-talk which speeds up the healing pro cess and leads to decreased pain. The first of these steps is for the individual to make a list of all negative self-talk engaged in. The second step is to change each negative statement on the list into a positive statement. One example would be the following, Im tired and dont feel like attending my support group tonight, but if I dont go I might miss out on some good tips like the ones I learned last month. I can always leave the meeting a little early (Managing Your Pain, 2005, pg. 1). The third step is to practice the positive self-talk. Even though it doesnt come naturally and may take some time to become comfortable with keep at it until it becomes second nature (Managing Your Pain, 2005, pg. 1).

The French Of The American Revolution - 930 Words

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Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the term used to identify the developmental deficits in correlation to maintaining one’s attention, hyperactivity, the ability to resist distractions, restricted behavior, etc. While ADHD begins fairly early within a child’s brain maturation, if not properly diagnosed and treated, it is very likely that it could continue on into adulthood. For many years, researchers studied the effects of intervention, in both medical treatment as well as behavioral therapy. Not to mention, there have been many assumptions, yet no absolute cure for ADHD. However, the debate continues as to which is more efficacious in assisting with managing the disability. The use of empathy during therapy, the long-term effects of medication, educating the support system and the use of transferences and psychodynamics will be the foundation of this research. These pieces will all service in an attempt to identify the success of ADHD and behavioral in tervention. 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ADHD may seem controversial Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one the most common psychiatric disorder in children all over the world estimated at 5 percent of children [1] the symptoms of ADHD is characterized by of hyperactivity, inattention, , and/or impulsivity with before the age of 7, with functional impairment in 2 or more settings[2].Subtypes of ADHD has 4 predominantly hyperactive, predominantly inattentive, a combination of both and not otherwise specified.[3] sleep problems associated with ADHD diagnosis which is very common, which its results may reach up to 70 percent of ADHD children.[4] . 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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this c an have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children be tween the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

The Meaning of Life - Essay free essay sample

First, when describing an individuals goal, everyone has their own idea for themselves on what the American dream is. Most peoples goal of this dream is described as being a part of the working class, being able to raise yourself and/or a family, and setting a good example for others through everyday actions. One persons dream always defers from another persons because everyone has their own goals in life in which they try to achieve. Next, a society or communitys perspective on the American dream varies from ones self.Most societies would define the American dream as being able to give to others, living In a stable shelter, having a Job, and providing a good attitude for others around you. Within a community, there are many people and to obtain this dream as a whole id different than obtaining one for yourself because you cannot control what others around you are doing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Meaning of Life Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can only convince them to do what is morally right. We need a new spirit of community, a sense that we are all in this together, or the American Dream will continue to wither.Our destiny is bound up with the destiny of every other American. (Clinton, Bill). Then, you have the definition of what the idealistic American dream of the entire nation would be to be successful and be wealthy, to have peace, equality, and freedom, and to live In a safe and healthy environment. The nations dream Is comprised of what every American should hope and strive for through Interactions with others on a dally basis. Most people want taxes and gas prices lowered, for the hungry to be fed, and the poor to have money. Traditionally, Americans have sought to realize the American dream of success, fame and wealth through thrift and hard work. (Harsher). In conclusion, there is not one definition for the American Dream, only you can rationalize the idealistic life in which you feel all people should live. Of course many of the factors described could be in your standard definition, but not all would agree. Many people always say that the American dream is dead and not worth pursuing.If this is true, why do people feel the need to make it a big deal to have a high-paying bob, many kids, and always give away everything? It Is because everyone lives their own life and not one person controls another. As Martin Luther King once said, Now, I say to you today my friends, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It Is a dream deeply rooted In the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its Works Cited 1. Worsened Search 3. 0. Worsened.

Love`s Labor`s Lost Essays - Loves Labours Lost, Rosaline, Dumaine

Love`s Labor`s Lost In Love's Labor's Lost by William Shakespeare, King Ferdinand and his three attendants; Berowne, Longaville, and Dumaine, take a vow to swear off women and concentrate on their studies. This vow only lasted long enough for each man to lay his eyes on the Princess of France, Rosaline, Maria, and Katherine. The women receive love letters and gifts from the men who are trying to woo them. Although the ladies are flattered, they are disappointed by their loves' abilities to easily breaks their vows. Throughout the play, the men try to woo the ladies with out ever really interacting with them because they are ashamed of the breaking of their vows too. The men decide that they will woo once and for all at the masquerade that they will all be attending. The women, on the other hand, have a completely different idea of what the masquerade will determine. The women wear masks and plan on embarrassing the men, who are dressed as Russians, by not revealing their true identity. They can not believe the deceitful nature of the men and plan on teaching them a lesson. The princess says, "Therefore I do it, and I make no doubt/ The rest will [ne'er] come in, if he be out./ There's no such sport as sport by sport o'erthrown,/ To make theirs ours and none but our own;/ So shall we stay; mocking intended game,/ And they, will mock'd, depart away with shame." (237; V, ii l. 151-156). The masks that the women are wearing symbolize how they have hid their anger and frustration toward the men. They had never expressed their disgust with them prior to the masquerade and feel it necessary to show the men how foolish they have been for breaking their promises. The masks also show that the women were afraid to let their true feeling surface. A mask is a cover; therefore they have been covering up their inner thoughts and feelings about the mens' actions. It is hard for them to show the men their disappointment because they too are in love and feel that they truly are suitable lovers. However, they need their opinions to be expressed and appreciated. The plan works perfectly. Each man can only recognize his loved one by the jewelry that she is wearing, and since the ladies switched presents in order to play their parts, the men woo the wrong lady. The King woos Rosaline, Berowne woos the Princess, Dumaine woos Maria, and Longaville woos Katherine. The men were trying to be sweet to each lady, while the ladies were being rude and thoroughly confusing the men. The King approaches Rosaline by saying, "Blessed are the clouds, to do as such clouds do!/ Vouchsafe, bright moon, and these thy stars, to/ shine/ (Those clouds removed) upon our watery eyne." (237; V, ii l. 203-206). Rosaline, pretending to be the Princess, replies, "O vain petitioner! beg a greater matter,/ Thou now requests but moonshine in the water." (237; V,ii l. 207-208). Berowne, trying to impress Rosaline, approaches the Princess and says, "White-handed mistress, one sweet work with/ thee." (238; V,ii l. 229-230). The Princess comments, "Honey, and milk, and sugar: there is three." (238;V,ii l. 231). Mistaking Maria for Katherine, Dumaine states, "Fair lady - " (238; V, ii l. 237). Maria remarks, "Say you so? Fair lord-/ Take that for your fair lady." (238; V,ii l. 238-239). The masks proved that the men did not really know the ladies at all, and in reality were only in love with the beauty that was portrayed on the outside. Even though the four women are set on speaking their minds, they are beginning to have some doubts about embarrassing the men. They are afraid to continue pretending to be each other when the men return without their Russian costumes. The princess says, "What shall we do,/ If they return in their own shapes to woo?" (239; V,ii l. 298-299). Even though the women have not fully convinced themselves that making fools of the men is the right way to make them learn their lessons.

Petco Park vs Fenway Park

Petco Park vs Fenway Park Free Online Research Papers In the major league of baseball there are many stadiums, all which are different and special in some kind of way. The home of the San Diego Padres is Petco Park. The home of the Boston Red Sox is Fenway Park. There are many differences between the two stadiums and how they became what they are today. Petco Park is a brand new stadium for the Padres. The park opened for its opening game in 2004. It can seat about 43,000 people plus an extra 2,500 people in the park area behind centerfield. This brand new park is a little bit bigger than their old field, Qualcomm Stadium, which they moved out of at the end of the 2003 season. Padres did not start in Qualcomm Stadium either. They started in Lane Field at Broadway Pier, and then in 1958 they were moved to Westgate Park in Mission Valley. Then, Jack Murphy made a proposal to make a new stadium which was called San Diego Stadium. It was also the home of the San Diego Chargers of the NFL. Later it was named Jack Murphy stadium because he got the stadium started and renovated it even more. It was then called Qualcomm when that business bought the grounds around the ballpark. â€Å"Considering that Petco Park nearly failed to reach construction phase due to strong community opposition and scandal, the ballpark has overcome some signific ant challenges to climb the ladder of success, although promised development surrounding the ballpark remains something of an uncertainty†(Reichard, 1). The ballpark district, which is the area around Petco, is still under construction for more development on the way to improve the park. The park construction was halted because of insufficient funds to build the stadium, but after money was set aside for the stadium, construction was started up again and the park was on its way. It was finished and ready to play in on February 18, 2004. The Padres were ready for their new stadium because they did not like sharing their field with the Chargers for football. Petco Park gives the fans a variety of spots to sit. The fans can sit right on field level and as far up as the nosebleeds. The fans have to pay a little bit extra for the special areas. The average price for tickets is anywhere from fifteen to forty dollars. â€Å"Ultimately, Petco Park manages to accomplish the rare feat of catering not only to the fan focused entirely on the game, but also the visitor interested in the overall experience†( Reichard, 3). This brand new stadium has yet to see a world series; the Padres have come close to it, but not quite close enough. They just lost their series against the St. Louis Cardinals to make it to the playoffs this year. In the case of the Red Sox, they have been in Fenway since 1912. It opened on April 20, 1912. Before Fenway was built they played at Huntington Avenue Grounds. Fenway has been renovated many times to keep the field in good shape and to make it better for the fans. In the left field of Fenway Park there is a huge wall called the green monster, which the hitters face every time they play there. It used to be a big feat to hit a home run over the 37 foot wall which is 310 ft. away from the plate; these days hitters can hit them over the wall if they get the sweet spot of the bat. On the green monster there is a manual scoreboard that is still used today. There are electronic scoreboards around the field, but the manual one is still used. â€Å"Behind the manual scoreboard is a room where the walls are covered with signatures of players who have played at Fenway Park over the years. Also, the initials TAY and JRY, for Tom Yawkey and Jean Yawkey, appear in Morse code in two vertical str ipes on the scoreboard†(Fenway Facts, 2). There are many nicknames given to parts of Fenway Park. There is Duffy’s Cliff; this was a ten foot mound that reached from the left field foul pole to center field. It was named this because the left fielder for Boston was Duffy Lewis and he mastered the skill of running up hill to catch the ball. The Green Monster is the huge wall in left field. It gets its name from its looks. In the right field bleachers there is one seat that is painted red. That is where the longest home run was hit, 502 ft by Ted Williams. â€Å"Legend says that the ball crashed through the straw hat of the man sitting in the seat - Section 42, Row 37, Seat 21† (Fenway Facts, 2). New fields and old fields, what is the difference? There is plenty of difference. All new fields are up to date with technology and new ways to make parks better for fans. Old fields are boring and there is nothing to them. The brand new Petco Park has many fun things in it. Behind centerfield wall there is a sand area for little kids and their parents to watch the game. The fence is see through so that the little ball fans can see the game while playing around in the sand. In those seats the fan sits right on field level so that it is like the individual is in the game. That is also how Fenway is a little bit. The stands along Fenway are really close to the foul lines to bring the viewers closer to the game. â€Å"Today, the average seat in Fenway Park is closer to the field than in any other Major League baseball park. This feel of intimacy is readily apparent to Fenway Park visitors and adds to its uniqueness. It is for this reason that Fenway has been referred to as the best pl ace in the world to watch a baseball game(Save Fenway Park, 1). Fenway Park is the oldest major league park still in operation in the country. â€Å"Many baseball teams are looking to replace their symmetrical, Astroturf-covered, multipurpose mega-stadiums built in the 1960s and 1970s (such as Pittsburghs Three Rivers Stadium and Seattles Kingdome) with retro-style, single-use baseball parks that emulate the irregular field configuration and wall heights, urban setting, and overall intimacy of Fenway Park. In fact, Fenway was looked to as a model for the vanguards of these newer parks: Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore and Jacobs Field in Cleveland. As other â€Å"classic† baseball parks disappear, including Comiskey Park in Chicago and Tiger Stadium in Detroit, the opportunity to experience a Major League baseball game in an authentic traditional setting is quickly fading away†(Save Fenway Park, 3). Cal Ripken Jr. says it well in this little paragraph about th e feeling of playing on these old authentic fields, â€Å"The thing that I remember the most is just the feeling you get when you walk out on that field (at Fenway Park). All of the ballparks, especially the new ones, and Camden Yards, I guess, started the trend, try to capture in the modern sense the feeling of Fenway Park. Its just a great feeling to be able to play baseball on that field. Its a special place† (Young, 1). Many players like to play on the old fields because all the old time legends have played on them. Then again, it is fun on all the new fields like Petco Park because there are more fans going ballistic for their team and they get to try to become the legends of these new fields and set records and go down in the history with those fields. Some of the new ballparks are getting bigger and harder to play in though. The fences are getting deeper and new configurations of the fields are getting crazier. Petco Park has one of the deepest fences in the major league and the fence line is shaped the most unusual out of many other fields. Fenway also has a different configuration for there fence with the way it wraps around the field and the height differences of the fence going around the outfield. There are many differences between Petco and Fenway, but there are some similarities too. There is a little history about Fenway and what has gone on through all the years it has been played in. The very first year it opened, the Red Sox won the World Series. From then until 2006 they have won six World Series. They could have won seven, but no one knows for sure because the Giants refused to play in the World Series that year in 1904. Petco has no history at all yet; it is in its second season of play and both years the Padres almost made it to the World Series both seasons. Many stadiums in the Major League of baseball are old and new. Some are similar and some are completely different. These two stadiums have a great background behind them. Fenway has come far from the year 1912, and the Padres they have come far with all there different stadiums. Petco Park is now the home of the Padres and it is one of the nicest brand new ball fields of this era. These stadiums have there own unique and significant values to them. They have their differences and have become two of the greatest fields to play on and to be in. Bibliography Ballpark History. Library ThinkQuest. 06 Mar. 2000. 10 Oct. 2006 . Blau, Clifford. A Comparison of AL and NL Park Factors, 1913-1975. Mysite. 10 Oct. 2006 . Fenway Facts. Boston.Redsox. Jan. 2001. 10 Oct. 2006 . Fenway Park Stadium. MLB-Teams. Feb. 2003. 10 Oct. 2006 . Petco Park. San Diego Ballpark. 22 Mar. 2006. Major League Baseball. 10 Oct. 2006 . Qualcomm Stadium. Ballparks of Baseball. 2003. 10 Oct. 2006 . Reichard, Kevin. Ballpark Digest- Petco Park/ San Diego Padres. Ballpark Watch. 10 Oct. 2006 . Schoenherr. Padres Baseball History Timeline. History.Acusd. 7 Aug. 2004. 10 Oct. 2006 . The Significance of Fenway Park. Save Fenway Park. 25 May 2001. 10 Oct. 2006 . Young, Geisler. Fenway Park. Baseball-Almanac. Sept. 2000. 10 Oct. 2006 Research Papers on Petco Park vs Fenway ParkThe Hockey GameMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductLifes What IfsThe Fifth HorsemanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Video summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Video summary - Movie Review Example tions since cars will reduce hence creating more parking spaces and reduce the commotion: only those people who genuinely need to drive in New York will come with their cars. Firstly the implementation will lead to reduced air pollution, make pedestrian life better, save a lot of energy and probably slow down the global warming. Above all, it will improve how public realm of New York; how to use sign boards and create a favorable environment for everybody residing the city. Professor Shoup does not see the sense as to why New York is an expensive city and people pays high costs for residence while they park for free which should be the other way round. He compares New York with the city of Pasadena. Were after putting parking revenue, the city has become beautiful with money collected being used to clean the rods and pavements, pays for police services, lights the streets at night and generally unlacing the public wealth of the city. I think this is a quite brilliant idea and should be applied in all cities that are experiencing parking and traffic jams